1. Introduction
Drowning is a big but underrecognized risk to public well being in Türkiye [
1]. On common, annually between 2013 and 2019, there have been 750 unintentional deaths because of drowning in Türkiye [
2], although detailed, all-age, population-level research on drowning within the nation are restricted [
3]. Although sparse, analysis carried out up to now in Türkiye has proven {that a} lack of information about water security is a significant contributor to drowning incidents [
2,
4].
Türkiye has a inhabitants of simply over 86 million and is a rustic bordered by sea on three sides (by the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea), with a complete shoreline of roughly 8333 km. In addition, Türkiye has quite a few rivers, dams, and greater than 200 inland lakes. These geographical traits contribute to easy accessibility to water and, because of this, an elevated danger of drowning. Drowning charges in Türkiye vary from 0.89 to 1.24 per 100,000 in research, with charges of roughly 1.44 per 100,000 amongst males and 0.28 to 0.48 per 100,000 amongst females [
3].
What is obvious from nationwide degree knowledge is the numerous drowning danger amongst adolescents aged 15–24 years of age (1.40 per 100,000 inhabitants). After these aged 65+ years (1.72 per 100,000 inhabitants), the 15–19-year-old and the 20–24-year-old age teams have the second and third highest deadly drowning charges in Türkiye, respectively (1.40 and 1.04 per 100,000 inhabitants) [
2]. This discovering mirrors worldwide knowledge that signifies drowning amongst adolescents is a selected concern [
5], with no evaluated interventions discovered to be efficient in decreasing the drowning burden for this age group [
6].
In current years, there was a big improve within the variety of initiatives and campaigns that intention to forestall drowning. At a world degree, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends six interventions and 4 cross-cutting implementation methods to cut back drowning danger [
7]. These embody strengthening public consciousness of drowning by strategic communications, together with efforts to reinforce group water security, and educating in regards to the significance of taking security precautions in, and round, water. Research has proven that educating individuals about water security might assist cut back water-related accidents and deaths, together with by way of the availability of classroom-based schooling, which improves scholar behaviours, attitudes and danger consciousness [
8,
9]. Furthermore, acknowledging the significance of educating swimming and water security expertise, one other of the WHO-recommended actions [
7], academic efforts that help skills-based schooling, corresponding to studying to swim or lifeguard schooling, are additionally really useful. Learning to swim can serve a protecting operate in opposition to drowning [
10,
11], whereas the bottom charges of drowning happen in supervised places, corresponding to these patrolled by lifeguards and lifesavers [
12,
13]. Beyond merely studying to swim, it has been acknowledged within the literature {that a} extra cohesive strategy to drowning prevention is water competence, the mixture of each swimming expertise (and different private aquatic actions like survival and rescue expertise) and water security information, attitudes, values, judgements and behaviours [
14,
15,
16].
The danger of drowning isn’t solely depending on schooling and ability degree; demographic elements additionally play an necessary position. Gender particularly results in vital variations in drowning charges, with males drowning at a lot greater charges than females in virtually each nation on the earth [
17]. Factors believed to contribute to this danger differential embody greater publicity to water amongst males [
18], being much less prone to put on life jackets, and being extra prone to take part in water-related actions drunk [
19]. As such the event, implementation and analysis of any drowning prevention interventions have to be delicate to those gender variations [
3].
In Türkiye, males account for 79% of drowning fatalities [
2] reporting greater participation in sport and leisure actions when in comparison with females, because of a spread of social and cultural limitations [
20]. However, as Türkiye modernizes and alternatives for ladies enhance [
21], there’s a want to make sure girls have equitable entry to swimming and water security schooling to make sure drowning charges stay low, significantly among the many adolescent and younger grownup age teams.
Further, given the excessive drowning charges among the many older adolescent age group in Türkiye, and the significance of methods to enhance consciousness of drowning danger and cut back such danger, together with expertise schooling, this research aimed to judge the water security information and attitudes of college college students in a coastal area of Türkiye. Specifically, we aimed to match the information and perspective scores of scholars who had undergone swimming and lifeguard schooling with those that had not obtained such schooling. We anticipated to seek out that college students who had obtained schooling have been extra educated in water security practices and held greater (i.e., constructive) perspective scores than those that had not but obtained such schooling. As a secondary intention, we have been additionally thinking about analyzing if there have been any gender variations with respect to self-reported swimming capability, information and attitudes of scholars in Türkiye.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
This research used a cross-sectional survey design methodology.
2.2. Study Location
This analysis was carried out in Antalya, a metropolis positioned on the southern coast of Türkiye. Antalya is a coastal metropolis bordering the Mediterranean Sea and is continuously visited by each native and worldwide vacationers in the course of the summer time season. Numerous public seashores, swimming swimming pools, and waterparks are scattered all through town centre and its environment, in addition to quite a few rivers and lakes within the japanese and western areas of Antalya, all of which contribute to its excessive drowning incident charge (5.48 per 100,000 inhabitants yearly), which is 3.5 occasions greater than the common annual charge of 1.58 per 100,000 inhabitants reported for coastal cities in Türkiye [
22].
2.3. Study Participants
The inhabitants of this research was decided utilizing a comfort sampling technique and consisted of 255 college students (aged 22.31 ± 2.14 years, vary: 18–32 years) at the moment enrolled on the undergraduate degree (4-year program) within the Faculty of Sport Sciences from the departments of bodily schooling and sports activities, teaching schooling, sports activities administration and recreation, representing roughly 40% of the whole school scholar physique (n ≈ 650). This school was chosen as a result of it gives primary schooling in swimming and lifeguarding to college students. The scholar inhabitants contains each locals to Antalya and people who have moved to Antalya for his or her research.
The inclusion standards for the research have been being an formally enrolled scholar on the school and offering knowledgeable consent to take part within the research. All college students have been invited to take part within the research, no matter their 12 months of enrolment. Exclusion standards have been restricted to those that didn’t present knowledgeable consent to take part within the research or who left some or the entire questions—excluding demographic knowledge—unanswered within the survey.
Participants have been categorized by gender. In addition, the members’ earlier formal schooling in swimming and water security was evaluated. Formal schooling contains structured and arranged swimming and water security schooling (e.g., college lessons, swimming classes, and lifeguard programs), and people who had not participated in such schooling have been categorised as having no formal coaching.
2.4. Data Collection
Potential members have been requested to finish a survey by way of Google Forms (Google, Mountain View, CA, USA), which was open from January 2023 to March 2023. The hyperlink to entry the questionnaire was shared with members by way of QR code within the classroom or class WhatsApp (Meta, Menlo Park, CA, USA) teams by the group moderator (a scholar), on the request of the writer [AI].
The questionnaire consisted of 5 sections: social–demographic traits (three questions asking about gender, date of delivery, and academic standing); background expertise of swimming and self-reported swimming capability (six questions: if the members might swim, if they’d ever taken a swimming class with a certified teacher, from whom they realized to swim, how they described their swimming capability, how far they might swim with out stopping, and the way lengthy they might keep afloat). Perceived swimming capability was self-reported, with members requested to categorise their very own capability degree (e.g., very weak swimmer, weak swimmer, common swimmer, good swimmer, superb swimmer and glorious swimmer); visitation and utilization of aquatic places (whether or not they had visited and/or entered the water on the following places in final 12 months; seashore, river, lake, dam, dwelling pool, public pool/aquatic facility, water park); information on water security and attitudes in the direction of water security (questions on which have been sourced from a beforehand validated questionnaire developed by Ekanayaka et al. [
23]). The information degree scale consisted of 15 questions with sure, no, and have no idea solutions. Example questions included objects corresponding to “
At the beach, do you swim only in the area between the red flags” and “
Alcohol is a risk factor for drowning”. The perspective scale consisted of 17 five-point Likert questions, corresponding to “
If there are no lifeguards/police around, I would get into the water” and “
Jumping into the water to rescue someone who is drowning helps to become a hero among colleagues” the place doable responses ranged from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
The authentic questionnaire was translated from English into Turkish, after which back-translated to make sure equivalence of that means. During this course of, a pilot check (
n = 40) was carried out to evaluate the linguistic and cultural appropriateness of the questions. Following the pilot check, the ultimate model of the questions was developed primarily based on participant suggestions. Some expressions have been tailored to the Turkish context. For instance, within the query concerning the quantity to name in emergencies, the quantity within the authentic survey has been changed with “112,” which is utilized in Türkiye. In addition, linguistic expressions have been simplified and edited to enhance readability. Moreover, inside consistency was assessed utilizing Cronbach’s alpha. Cronbach’s α = 0.72 for the information on water security scale and Cronbach’s α = 0.88 for the attitudes in the direction of water security scale, and the scales had acceptable and good inside consistency, respectively [
24].
2.5. Data Cleaning, Coding and Analysis
Data have been downloaded from Google Forms in a Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) spreadsheet and imported into IBM SPSS Statistics Version 30.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) for evaluation [
25]. Date of delivery was transformed into age in years utilizing a Microsoft Excel method to calculate the variety of years between the recorded date of delivery and the final day of knowledge assortment. In three situations, the date of delivery was entered incorrectly; these responses have been transformed to unknown age. Individual 12 months of age was transformed to age groupings (18–20 years, 21–23 years, 24–26 years, and 27 years and older) for ease of study.
Answers to information questions have been transformed from ‘yes’, ‘no’, ‘do not know’, to appropriate or incorrect, with the have no idea responses thought of incorrect (
Table S1). Total appropriate scores have been calculated for every respondent to offer a composite rating of every particular person’s water security information out of a complete doable 15 factors. Total perspective scores have been calculated in line with members’ responses to the statements assessing “Attitudes towards water safety”. Participants marked one of many following choices for every assertion: ‘Strongly agree’, ‘Agree’, ‘Neither agree nor disagree’, ‘Disagree’ and ‘Strongly disagree’. Since the questionnaire objects used within the research consisted of each constructive and damaging statements, reverse scoring was utilized to damaging statements so {that a} excessive rating mirrored a constructive perspective fairly than a damaging one. Accordingly, in damaging objects, ‘Strongly disagree’ was scored as 5 and ‘Strongly agree’ as 1; in constructive objects, the alternative was utilized, with ‘Strongly agree’ scored as 5 and ‘Strongly disagree’ as 1 (
Table S2). As a outcome, whole perspective scores might vary from a minimal rating of 17 to a most rating of 85, with greater scores indicating extra constructive and safer attitudes towards water security [
23].
Participants’ information and perspective ranges have been assessed primarily based on Bloom’s cut-off level [
26]. The information degree was categorised as ‘high’ for these scoring between 12 and 15 factors (80–100%), ‘moderate’ for these scoring between 9 and 11.85 factors (60–79%), and ‘low’ for these scoring beneath 9 factors (beneath 60%). Attitude degree was categorised as ‘high’ for members scoring 71.4–85 factors (80–100%), ‘moderate’ for these scoring 57.8–70.7 factors (60–79%), and ‘low’ for these scoring beneath 57.8 factors (beneath 60%).
The Shapiro–Wilk check was used to look at and decide if the info have been usually distributed, and skewness and kurtosis values have been additionally checked. Descriptive statistics have been reported. Chi-square exams of independence have been used to look at gender variations within the responses, in addition to the affiliation between swimming and lifeguard schooling (those that had obtained this schooling in comparison with those that had not), and the members’ degree of information and perspective scores, which have been scored as low, average, or excessive. Statistical significance was deemed
p < 0.05, with a modified Bonferroni correction utilized for chi-square exams and impact sizes (Cramér’s
V) utilizing three ranges for information and perspective scores [
27].
To assess the impact of gender on behavioural outcomes associated to various kinds of water our bodies, separate binary logistic regression analyses have been carried out for every physique of water. In the analyses, the dependent variables have been the “visiting” and “entering the water” states for every setting, coded as binary (0 = no, 1 = sure). Gender was included within the mannequin as a categorical (issue) variable. For every mannequin, regression coefficients (B), customary errors (SE), odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals have been calculated and reported. Odds ratios have been used to interpret the magnitude of gender’s impact on the related behaviour.
A 2 × 2 factorial MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) was used to judge the principle and interplay results of swimming/lifeguard schooling and gender on members’ ranges of information and attitudes concerning water security. In fashions yielding vital outcomes from the multivariate evaluation, follow-up univariate ANOVAs have been carried out to find out which dependent variable (information or perspective) the impact was focused on, and the impact measurement values (partial eta squared,
η
p
2
) have been reported to find out the sensible significance of the noticed variations. The analyses have been carried out utilizing JASP Version 0.19.3 (University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands).
2.6. Ethics
This research obtained moral approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Akdeniz University (KAEK-626/2022). At the beginning of the survey, members obtained a hyperlink to the research’s consent type. After reviewing the details about the analysis, they indicated their knowledgeable and voluntary consent by choosing the consent possibility within the preliminary query. Participation within the research was voluntary, and the survey was nameless. In addition, the survey didn’t accumulate any private knowledge from the members. The research was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
3. Results
In whole, 255 college students responded to the survey, of whom 51.4% (
n = 131) have been feminine. The age of respondents ranged from 18 to 35 years, with the biggest proportion of respondents aged 21–23 years (57.3%). The imply respondent age was 22.07 years (SD = 2.62). Although most respondents (83.9%;
n = 214) indicated they might swim, there have been gender variations, with a considerably decrease proportion of females reporting with the ability to swim (78.6%) than males (89.5%) (χ
2 = 5.999;
p = 0.018). Students mostly reported having realized to swim from a member of the family (36.9%), with simply over one quarter (26.2%) having realized from a swimming instructor (
Table 1).
Of those that indicated they might swim (
n = 214), self-reported swimming capability was mostly rated as common (
n = 96; 44.9%) or good (
n = 57; 26.6%). Only 2.8% of respondents who might swim believed themselves to be glorious swimmers (
n = 6). When requested to quantify their capability, respondents most frequently reported with the ability to swim 50–100 m with out stopping (
n = 75; 35.0%), whereas an additional 22% (
n = 57; 22.4%) indicated they might swim lower than 50 m with out stopping. With respect to floating capability, half of all respondents (
n = 107) reported with the ability to float for greater than 15 min (
Table 1).
Respondents have been requested about their visitation and water entry at various kinds of aquatic places. Beaches have been the preferred aquatic location each for visitation (98.0%; n = 250) and getting into the water (97.3%; n = 248). By distinction, places corresponding to dams and rivers have been fashionable for visitation (75.7% and 74.1%, respectively), but respondents have been far much less prone to enter the water (20.8% for dams and 36.5% for rivers).
Females have been roughly twice as possible as males to go to a dam (OR = 2.154,
p = 0.011), however they have been much less possible than males to enter the water on the dam (OR = 0.497,
p = 0.027). Similarly, females have been half as possible as males to enter the water in a lake (OR = 0.507,
p = 0.008), they usually have been considerably much less possible than males to enter the water in a river (OR = 0.415,
p < 0.001). In different water areas, there was no vital distinction between females and males in both visitation or swimming behaviour (
Table 2).
With respect to earlier experiences with swimming and lifeguard schooling, 44.3% (
n = 113) of respondents had beforehand participated in a swimming class with a educated teacher, whereas 29.4% of respondents had participated in lifeguard schooling (
n = 75). Males have been considerably extra prone to report having participated in each swimming (χ
2 = 7.769,
p = 0.005) and lifeguard schooling (χ
2 = 5.501,
p = 0.019) when in comparison with females (
Table 3).
Two separate 2 × 2 MANOVA analyses have been carried out to look at members’ ranges of information and attitudes concerning water security (
Table 4). In the primary mannequin, the principle impact of swimming schooling was discovered to be statistically vital (Wilks’ Λ = 0.907, F(2, 250) = 12.79,
p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.093). However, the principle impact of gender (
p = 0.510) and the interplay impact (
p = 0.250) weren’t vital. Subsequent univariate analyses confirmed that this vital distinction was solely because of information scores (F(1, 251) = 24.56,
p < 0.001, η p 2 = 0.089), whereas there was no vital distinction between the educated and uneducated teams concerning perspective scores (F(1, 251) = 0.042,
p = 0.838).
Similarly, within the second mannequin, the principle impact of lifeguard schooling was discovered to be statistically vital (Wilks’ Λ = 0.950, F(2, 250) = 6.54, p = 0.002,
η
p
2
= 0.050). In this mannequin as effectively, the results of gender (p = 0.413) and interplay (p = 0.603) didn’t attain statistical significance. Univariate analyses carried out for lifesaving schooling confirmed that schooling once more considerably affected solely the extent of information (F(1, 251) = 12.99, p < 0.001,
η
p
2
= 0.049), whereas it didn’t lead to a big change in perspective (F(1, 251) = 0.860, p = 0.355).
When each genders have been mixed, there have been no statistically vital variations within the members’ perspective scores (low, medium, excessive) between those that obtained swimming schooling (χ
2 = 1.846,
p = 0.397) and lifeguard schooling (χ
2 = 5.436,
p = 0.066) and people who didn’t. In distinction, a big distinction was discovered by way of information scores (low, medium, excessive) between those that obtained swimming schooling (χ
2 = 20.028,
p < 0.001) and lifeguard schooling (χ
2 = 12.699,
p = 0.002) and people who didn’t (
Table 5).
No vital variations have been discovered between feminine members who obtained swimming schooling and people who didn’t by way of information ranges (χ
2 = 5.668,
p = 0.059) and perspective ranges (χ
2 = 1.300,
p = 0.522). Similarly, no vital variations have been discovered by way of degree of information (χ
2 = 3.747,
p = 0.059) and perspective scores (χ
2 = 0.971,
p = 0.615) between girls who had obtained lifeguard schooling and people who had not. However, amongst male members, a big distinction was present in information ranges between those that obtained swimming schooling and people who had not (χ
2 = 16.458,
p < 0.001), however no vital distinction was present in perspective ranges (χ
2 = 2.848,
p = 0.241). Similarly, a big distinction was present in information ranges between those that had obtained lifeguard schooling and people who had not (χ
2 = 11.925,
p = 0.003), however no vital distinction was noticed in perspective ranges (χ
2 = 5.507,
p = 0.064) (
Table 5).
4. Discussion
This research aimed to match the water security information and self-reported attitudes of scholars at a college in a coastal area of Türkiye who had undergone swimming or lifeguard schooling with those that had not but obtained such schooling. Our key findings confirmed that earlier participation in swimming or lifeguard schooling was related to greater water security information. While steerage on drowning prevention methods explicitly helps the educating of swimming and water security expertise [
7], this research provides to the rising physique of proof that means that water security information have to be conferred alongside swimming expertise as a extra holistic strategy to contributing to drowning prevention (i.e., aquatic literacy) [
8,
28,
29]. Future analysis inside the Turkish context ought to discover limitations and alternatives for expanded provision of swimming and water security schooling (each expertise and information) at an earlier age, by way of systems-based approaches corresponding to faculties [
30].
The MANOVA outcomes revealed that each swimming and lifeguard coaching have been considerably related to greater ranges of information (
p < 0.001) however didn’t present a statistically vital affiliation with perspective scores (
p > 0.05), which has historically been more difficult to affect, significantly amongst younger individuals [
31]. However, earlier analysis has proven that academic coaching can enhance water security attitudes amongst youthful youngsters [
32]. As each information and perspective are very important elements of behaviour [
33], we recommend that additional work is required to find out the optimum academic content material and supply modes for this cohort. Future analysis might conduct qualitative knowledge assortment with younger individuals to establish their present behaviours and attitudes, and co-design curricula to encourage water secure behaviours.
Although 60% respondents perceived themselves to be intermediate or good swimmers, swimming instruction not often occurred with a certified swimming teacher, with respondents extra generally being taught to swim by members of the family or being self-taught. Such outcomes possible counsel that alternatives for formal learn-to-swim are restricted in Türkiye, even amongst a cohort that’s extra extremely educated than the overall inhabitants (college college students). It is proposed that future analysis ought to discover the present provision of formal swimming instruction in Türkiye to establish population-level protection, in addition to limitations and alternatives to increasing such protection, as a drowning prevention intervention [
7,
11]. In addition, analysis might additionally discover intermediate outcomes with respect to swimming competency (i.e., capability to swim 25 m) for individuals who obtain swimming instruction from household as in comparison with the achievements of those that study by way of formal swimming classes. Insights might inform future interventions, significantly in contexts with restricted assets for formal swimming schooling, corresponding to Türkiye.
Our evaluation took a selected curiosity in gender variations inside our cohort. We discovered that girls have been much less prone to report with the ability to swim when in comparison with males, and in addition much less possible than males to have beforehand participated in swimming classes with a certified teacher. This could also be because of beforehand reported cultural and non secular limitations to girls taking part in bodily exercise [
34], together with swimming, with culturally delicate methods corresponding to women-only swimming hours, single-sex instruction and culturally acceptable swimwear recommended to beat these disparities [
35].
However, self-report knowledge on swimming capability could also be susceptible to optimism bias, with literature reporting that males usually tend to overstate their swimming capability [
36,
37,
38] because of a mixture of decrease danger appraisal, overconfidence and poor self-reflection [
39]. Our knowledge might establish a discrepancy between males’ qualitative descriptors of their swimming capability (i.e., glorious swimmer, weak swimmer) and quantitative descriptors (i.e., distance they’re able to swim with out stopping in metres and length of floating capability in seconds). Despite our knowledge indicating that girls self-reported being much less possible to have the ability to swim than males, we discovered no vital variations between men and women in self-reported swimming capability, the space they have been in a position to swim with out stopping, and the length of floating capability.
However, there have been gender variations recognized amongst our cohort concerning publicity to potential drowning danger, with excessive visitation however decrease water entry amongst females in aquatic places corresponding to lakes and rivers when in comparison with males. This disproportionate water entry and beforehand acknowledged propensity amongst males to overstate their swimming capability are possible contributing to knowledge that point out that males fatally drown at a charge that’s 4 occasions that of ladies in Türkiye and globally [
2]. Findings that males have been considerably extra possible than females to report elevated information if they’d participated in swimming or lifeguard schooling could also be constructive in mild of the overrepresentation of males amongst drowning victims in Türkiye. However, the decrease reported chance of with the ability to swim and decrease participation in swimming classes with certified instructors amongst females in our pattern ought to be thought of in mild of accelerating feminine participation in leisure actions [
21].
4.1. Practical Applications
The findings of this research present necessary insights for the event of public well being insurance policies aimed toward contributing to stopping drowning incidents in Türkiye, as not too long ago revealed analysis has discovered that there’s a lot scope for enchancment [
40]. Findings help the growth of learn-to-swim and lifeguard schooling in Türkiye as a way of bettering water security information for each men and women. However, this schooling was not considerably related to improved water security attitudes amongst our cohort, indicating a possibility for additional analysis and potential co-design with younger adults. A gender-sensitive lens is required for the implementation of any future methods to enhance swimming and water security schooling among the many inhabitants in Türkiye. Further, future analysis might discover the as-yet-unmeasured influence of extending swim schooling inside household items in Türkiye, which has been discovered to have generational impacts in low-income communities within the United States of America [
41].
Additionally, native governments ought to put money into creating secure swimming areas, significantly in continuously used dams and river areas, along with the coast. Expansion of lifeguarding schooling can also improve first help and cardiopulmonary (CPR) expertise and information among the many group to help in layperson response to drowning incidents. In this context, the info obtained by way of this research, and the insights they inform, can contribute to the design of focused and contextually related interventions aimed toward decreasing drowning incidents in Türkiye.
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
To the very best of our information, this research is the primary analysis in Türkiye to evaluate younger adults’ information, attitudes, experiences, and expertise concerning water security. The use of a pre-validated questionnaire [
23] can also be a power. However, the research has some limitations. Although the inner consistency of the questionnaire used within the research was discovered to be excessive and the comprehensibility of the questions was confirmed by a pilot check, check–retest reliability and complete validity analyses of this scale haven’t been carried out on the Turkish pattern. For this purpose, it is strongly recommended that this questionnaire be examined extra comprehensively on the Turkish inhabitants in future research. To assess the chance of drowning, members have been requested to point the aquatic places they’d visited and/or entered, however data on the recency and frequency of those visits was not collected. This might restrict the flexibility to totally measure publicity to the chance of drowning amongst this cohort: a subject worthy of additional analysis. The questionnaire was cross-sectional in nature, introducing the opportunity of bias [
42]. An nameless survey was used to fight this. Respondents’ participation in swimming and lifeguard schooling is self-reported. This reliance on private recall might introduce self-assessment bias, doubtlessly resulting in inaccuracies within the reported ranges of formal coaching. To enhance transparency, future research ought to intention to confirm such data by official certification data or sensible efficiency evaluations. In addition, as male are inclined to overstate their swimming capability [
36,
37,
38], self-reports might not precisely mirror their precise ability degree. Future analysis ought to subsequently deal with this subject. Further, the survey didn’t seize a timeframe wherein the schooling occurred, nor its length (e.g., 3 days) or degree (e.g., primary/superior), which can have an effect on the evaluation of the influence of schooling on information and attitudes. While this research utilized a comfort pattern, which can restrict its generalizability to the broader inhabitants, the pattern measurement accounts for about 40% of the whole undergraduate college students within the school. This excessive participation charge gives a considerable reflection of the particular scholar physique studied, though it could not symbolize the overall inhabitants. Further, research members have been college students from the school of sport sciences, and it’s possible that this cohort is extra educated on swimming and water security than the overall inhabitants. This limits the generalizability of the findings to the overall inhabitants and suggests the necessity for future research with totally different cohorts to evaluate variations.