This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its unique location you possibly can go to the hyperlink bellow:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10374-1
and if you wish to take away this text from our web site please contact us
Nakajima, Okay. & Maiolino, R. Diagnostics for PopIII galaxies and direct collapse black holes within the early Universe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 513, 5134–5147 (2022).
Heger, A. & Woosley, S. E. Nucleosynthesis and evolution of large metal-free stars. Astrophys. J. 724, 341–373 (2010).
Vanni, I., Salvadori, S., Skúladóttir, Á., Rossi, M. & Koutsouridou, I. Characterizing the true descendants of the primary stars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 526, 2620–2644 (2023).
D’Eugenio, F. et al. JADES: carbon enrichment 350 Myr after the Big Bang. Astron. Astrophys. 689, 152 (2024).
Curtis-Lake, E. et al. Spectroscopic affirmation of 4 metal-poor galaxies at z = 10.3–13.2. Nat. Astron. 7, 622–632 (2023).
Harikane, Y. et al. Pure spectroscopic constraints on UV luminosity features and cosmic star formation historical past from 25 galaxies at zspec = 8.61–13.20 confirmed with JWST/NIRSpec. Astrophys. J. 960, 56 (2024).
Carniani, S. et al. Spectroscopic affirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14. Nature 633, 318–322 (2024).
Naidu, R. P. et al. A cosmic miracle: a remarkably luminous galaxy at zspec = 14.44 confirmed with JWST. Open J. Astrophys. 9, 56033 (2026).
Nakajima, Okay. et al. JWST census for the mass–metallicity star formation relations at z = 4–10 with self-consistent flux calibration and correct metallicity calibrators. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 269, 33 (2023).
Curti, M. et al. JADES: Insights into the low-mass finish of the mass–metallicity–SFR relation at 3 < z < 10 from deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. 684, 75 (2024).
Maiolino, R. et al. JADES. Possible inhabitants III signatures at z = 10.6 within the halo of GN-z11. Astron. Astrophys. 687, 67 (2024).
Oesch, P. A. et al. A remarkably luminous galaxy at z = 11.1 measured with Hubble Space Telescope grism spectroscopy. Astrophys. J. 819, 129 (2016).
Bunker, A. J. et al. JADES NIRSpec spectroscopy of GN-z11: Lyman-α emission and attainable enhanced nitrogen abundance in a z = 10.60 luminous galaxy. Astron. Astrophys. 677, 88 (2023).
Schaerer, D. The transition from inhabitants III to regular galaxies: Lyα and He II emission and the ionising properties of excessive redshift starburst galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. 397, 527–538 (2003).
Inoue, A. Okay. Rest-frame ultraviolet-to-optical spectral traits of extraordinarily metal-poor and metal-free galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 415, 2920–2931 (2011).
Nishigaki, M. et al. EMPRESS. XI. SDSS and JWST seek for native and z ∼ 4–5 extraordinarily metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs): clustering and chemical properties of native EMPGs. Astrophys. J. 952, 11 (2023).
Fujimoto, S. et al. GLIMPSE: an ultra-faint ≃105 M⊙ Pop III galaxy candidate and first constraints on the Pop III UV luminosity operate at z ≃ 6−7. Astrophys. J. 989, 46 (2025).
Hsiao, T. Y.-Y. et al. SAPPHIRES: extraordinarily metal-poor galaxy candidates with 12 + log(O/H) < 7.0 at z ~ 5−7 from deep JWST/NIRCam grism observations. Preprint at (2025).
Trussler, J. A. A. et al. On the observability and identification of inhabitants III galaxies with JWST. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 525, 5328–5352 (2023).
Vanzella, E. et al. An extraordinarily metal-poor star advanced within the reionization period: approaching inhabitants III stars with JWST. Astron. Astrophys. 678, 173 (2023).
Jakobsen, P., Wright, R., Zeidler, P. & Zincke, C. The near-infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope. I. Overview of the instrument and its capabilities. Astron. Astrophys. 661, 80 (2022).
Maiolino, R. & Mannucci, F. De re metallica: the cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 27, 3 (2019).
Álvarez-Márquez, J. et al. Insight into the starburst nature of galaxy GN-z11 with JWST MIRI spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. 695, 250 (2025).
Hsiao, T. Y.-Y. et al. JWST MIRI detections of Hα and [O III] and a direct metallicity measurement of the z = 10.17 lensed galaxy MACS0647–JD. Astrophys. J. 973, 81 (2024).
Zavala, J. A. et al. A luminous and younger galaxy at z = 12.33 revealed by a JWST/MIRI detection of Hα and [O III]. Nat. Astron. 9, 155–164 (2025).
Vanzella, E. et al. Extreme ionizing properties of a metal-poor, MUV ≃ −12 star advanced within the first gigayear. Astron. Astrophys. 691, 251 (2024).
Schaerer, D., Guibert, J., Marques-Chaves, R. & Martins, F. Observable and ionizing properties of star-forming galaxies with very large stars and completely different preliminary mass features. Astron. Astrophys. 693, 271 (2025).
Meynet, G. & Maeder, A. Stellar evolution with rotation. VIII. Models at Z = 10−5 and CNO yields for early galactic evolution. Astron. Astrophys. 390, 561–583 (2002).
Akerman, C. J., Carigi, L., Nissen, P. E., Pettini, M. & Asplund, M. The evolution of the C/O ratio in metal-poor halo stars. Astron. Astrophys. 414, 931–942 (2004).
Kobayashi, C., Karakas, A. I. & Lugaro, M. The origin of components from carbon to uranium. Astrophys. J. 900, 179 (2020).
Schaerer, D. On the properties of large inhabitants III stars and metal-free stellar populations. Astron. Astrophys. 382, 28–42 (2002).
Heger, A. & Woosley, S. E. The nucleosynthetic signature of inhabitants III. Astrophys. J. 567, 532–543 (2002).
Woosley, S. E., Heger, A. & Weaver, T. A. The evolution and explosion of large stars. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 1015–1071 (2002).
Umeda, H. & Nomoto, Okay. Nucleosynthesis of zinc and iron peak components in inhabitants III sort II supernovae: comparability with abundances of very steel poor halo stars. Astrophys. J. 565, 385–404 (2002).
Umeda, H. & Nomoto, Okay. First-generation black-hole-forming supernovae and the steel abundance sample of a really iron-poor star. Nature 422, 871–873 (2003).
Iwamoto, N., Umeda, H., Tominaga, N., Nomoto, Okay. & Maeda, Okay. The first chemical enrichment within the Universe and the formation of hyper metal-poor stars. Science 309, 451–453 (2005).
Ishigaki, M. N., Tominaga, N., Kobayashi, C. & Nomoto, Okay. Faint inhabitants III supernovae because the origin of essentially the most iron-poor stars. Astrophys. J. 792, 32 (2014).
Ji, X. et al. GA-NIFS: a particularly nitrogen-loud and chemically stratified galaxy at z ∼ 5.55. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 535, 881–908 (2024).
Katz, H., Kimm, T., Ellis, R. S., Devriendt, J. & Slyz, A. The challenges of figuring out inhabitants III stars within the early Universe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 524, 351–360 (2023).
Rusta, E. et al. Metal-polluted inhabitants III galaxies and how you can discover them. Astrophys. J. 989, 32 (2025).
Maiolino, R. et al. A black gap in a near-pristine galaxy 700 million years after the Big Bang. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. (within the press).
Simon, J. D. The faintest dwarf galaxies. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 57, 375–415 (2019).
Jeon, M., Besla, G. & Bromm, V. Connecting the primary galaxies with ultrafaint dwarfs within the Local Group: chemical signatures of inhabitants III stars. Astrophys. J. 848, 85 (2017).
Rossi, M., Salvadori, S., Skúladóttir, Á., Vanni, I. & Koutsouridou, I. Hidden inhabitants III descendants in ultrafaint dwarf galaxies. Astrophys. J. 987, 121 (2025).
Heiger, M. E. et al. Not-so-heavy steel(s): chemical abundances within the ultra-faint dwarf galaxies Eridanus IV and Centaurus I. Preprint at (2025).
Bosman, S. E. I. et al. Hydrogen reionization ends by z = 5.3: Lyman-α optical depth measured by the XQR-30 pattern. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 514, 55–76 (2022).
Bovill, M. S. & Ricotti, M. Pre-reionization fossils, ultra-faint dwarfs, and the lacking galactic satellite tv for pc downside. Astrophys. J. 693, 1859–1870 (2009).
Salvadori, S. & Ferrara, A. Ultra faint dwarfs: probing early cosmic star formation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395, 6–10 (2009).
Chieffi, A. & Limongi, M. The explosive yields produced by the primary era of core collapse supernovae and the chemical composition of extraordinarily steel poor stars. Astrophys. J. 577, 281–294 (2002).
Oke, J. B. & Gunn, J. E. Secondary customary stars for absolute spectrophotometry. Astrophys. J. 266, 713–717 (1983).
Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., Sauval, A. J. & Scott, P. The chemical composition of the Sun. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47, 481–522 (2009).
Vanzella, E. et al. Candidate inhabitants III stellar advanced at z = 6.629 within the MUSE deep lensed discipline. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 494, 81–85 (2020).
Bergamini, P. et al. New high-precision robust lensing modeling of Abell 2744. Preparing for JWST observations. Astron. Astrophys. 670, 60 (2023).
Sanders, R. L., Shapley, A. E., Topping, M. W., Reddy, N. A. & Brammer, G. B. Direct Te-based metallicities of z = 2–9 galaxies with JWST/NIRSpec: empirical metallicity calibrations relevant from reionization to cosmic midday. Astrophys. J. 962, 24 (2024).
Chakraborty, P. et al. Unveiling the cosmic chemistry. II. ‘Direct’ Te-based metallicity of galaxies at 3 < z < 10 with JWST/NIRSpec. Astrophys. J. 985, 24 (2025).
Nakajima, Okay. et al. EMPRESS. V. Metallicity diagnostics of galaxies over 12 + log(O/H) = 6.9–8.9 established by a neighborhood galaxy census: getting ready for JWST spectroscopy. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 262, 3 (2022).
Hirschmann, M., Charlot, S. & Somerville, R. S. High-redshift metallicity calibrations for JWST spectra: insights from line emission in cosmological simulations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 526, 3504–3518 (2023).
Eldridge, J. J. et al. Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis Version 2.1: development, observational verification, and new outcomes. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 34, 058 (2017).
Stanway, E. R. & Eldridge, J. J. Re-evaluating previous stellar populations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 479, 75–93 (2018).
Andrews, B. H. & Martini, P. The mass–metallicity relation with the direct methodology on stacked spectra of SDSS galaxies. Astrophys. J. 765, 140 (2013).
Pérez-Montero, E. Deriving model-based Te-consistent chemical abundances in ionized gaseous nebulae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 441, 2663–2675 (2014).
Sanders, R. L. et al. The MOSDEF survey: direct-method metallicities and ISM circumstances at z ~ 1.5–3.5. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 491, 1427–1455 (2020).
Nishigaki, M. et al. DREAMS.II. Galaxy demographics from direct Te-based metallicities at z~2–10: tracing the evolution of the mass-metallicity and elementary relations. Preprint at (2025).
Morishita, T. et al. Diverse oxygen abundance in early galaxies unveiled by auroral line evaluation with JWST. Astrophys. J. 971, 43 (2024).
Sarkar, A. et al. Unveiling the cosmic chemistry: revisiting the mass–metallicity relation with JWST/NIRSpec at 4 < z < 10. Astrophys. J. 978, 136 (2025).
Venturi, G. et al. Gas-phase metallicity gradients in galaxies at z ~ 6–8. Astron. Astrophys. 691, 19 (2024).
Marconcini, C. et al. GA-NIFS: the interaction between merger, star formation, and chemical enrichment in MACS1149-JD1 at z = 9.11 with JWST/NIRSpec. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 533, 2488–2501 (2024).
Williams, H. et al. A magnified compact galaxy at redshift 9.51 with robust nebular emission traces. Science 380, 416–420 (2023).
Schaerer, D., Marques-Chaves, R., Xiao, M. & Korber, D. Discovery of a brand new N-emitter within the epoch of reionization. Astron. Astrophys. 687, 11 (2024).
Mowla, L. et al. Formation of a low-mass galaxy from star clusters in a 600-million-year-old Universe. Nature 636, 332–336 (2024).
Cullen, F. et al. The JWST EXCELS survey: a particularly metal-poor galaxy at z = 8.271 internet hosting an uncommon inhabitants of large stars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 540, 2176–2194 (2025).
Willott, C. J. et al. In search of the primary stars: an ultra-compact and really low metallicity Lyman-α emitter deep throughout the epoch of reionization. Astrophys. J. 988, 26 (2025).
Pérez-Montero, E. & Amorín, R. Using photo-ionisation fashions to derive carbon and oxygen gas-phase abundances in the remainder UV. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 467, 1287–1293 (2017).
Arellano-Córdova, Okay. Z. et al. A primary have a look at the abundance sample—O/H, C/O, and Ne/O-in z > 7 galaxies with JWST/NIRSpec. Astrophys. J. 940, 23 (2022).
Jones, T. et al. Early outcomes from GLASS-JWST. XXI. Rapid asembly of a galaxy at z = 6.23 revealed by its C/O abundance. Astrophys. J. 951, 17 (2023).
Isobe, Y. et al. JWST identification of extraordinarily low C/N galaxies with [N/O] ≳0.5 at z ∼ 6–10 evidencing the early CNO-cycle enrichment and a reference to globular cluster formation. Astrophys. J. 959, 100 (2023).
Stiavelli, M. et al. The puzzling properties of the MACS1149-JD1 galaxy at z = 9.11. Astrophys. J. 957, 18 (2023).
Castellano, M. et al. JWST NIRSpec spectroscopy of the outstanding brilliant galaxy GHZ2/GLASS-z12 at redshift 12.34. Astrophys. J. 972, 143 (2024).
Topping, M. W. et al. Metal-poor star formation at z > 6 with JWST: new perception into arduous radiation fields and nitrogen enrichment on 20 laptop scales. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 529, 3301–3322 (2024).
Hsiao, T. Y.-Y. et al. First direct carbon abundance measured at z > 10 within the lensed galaxy MACS0647-JD. Astrophys. J. 993, 70 (2025).
Curti, M. et al. JADES: the star formation and chemical enrichment historical past of a luminous galaxy at z ~ 9.43 probed by ultra-deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. 697, 89 (2025).
Carniani, S. et al. The eventful lifetime of a luminous galaxy at z = 14: steel enrichment, suggestions, and low gasoline fraction? Astron. Astrophys. 696, 87 (2025).
Cooke, R. J., Pettini, M. & Steidel, C. C. Discovery of essentially the most metal-poor damped Lyman-α system. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 467, 802–811 (2017).
Gustafsson, B., Karlsson, T., Olsson, E., Edvardsson, B. & Ryde, N. The origin of carbon, investigated by spectral evaluation of solar-type stars within the Galactic disk. Astron. Astrophys. 342, 426–439 (1999).
Spite, M. et al. First stars. VI. Abundances of C, N, O, Li, and mixing in extraordinarily metal-poor giants. Galactic evolution of the sunshine components. Astron. Astrophys. 430, 655–668 (2005).
Bensby, T. & Feltzing, S. The origin and chemical evolution of carbon within the Galactic skinny and thick discs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 367, 1181–1193 (2006).
Fabbian, D., Nissen, P. E., Asplund, M., Pettini, M. & Akerman, C. The C/O ratio at low metallicity: constraints on early chemical evolution from observations of Galactic halo stars. Astron. Astrophys. 500, 1143–1155 (2009).
Nissen, P. E., Chen, Y. Q., Carigi, L., Schuster, W. J. & Zhao, G. Carbon and oxygen abundances in stellar populations. Astron. Astrophys. 568, 25 (2014).
Frebel, A., Simon, J. D. & Kirby, E. N. Segue 1: an unevolved fossil galaxy from the early Universe. Astrophys. J. 786, 74 (2014).
Tsujimoto, T. & Shigeyama, T. Enrichment historical past of r-process components formed by a merger of neutron star pairs. Astron. Astrophys. 565, 5 (2014).
Ferland, G. J. et al. CLOUDY 90: numerical simulation of plasmas and their spectra. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 110, 761–778 (1998).
Ferland, G. J. et al. The 2013 launch of Cloudy. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astrofís. 49, 137–163 (2013).
Dopita, M. A. et al. Modeling the pan-spectral power distribution of starburst galaxies. III. Emission line diagnostics of ensembles of evolving H II areas. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 167, 177–200 (2006).
Jenkins, E. B. A unified illustration of gas-phase ingredient depletions within the interstellar medium. Astrophys. J. 700, 1299–1348 (2009).
van Hoof, P. A. M., Weingartner, J. C., Martin, P. G., Volk, Okay. & Ferland, G. J. Grain dimension distributions and photoelectric heating in ionized media. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 350, 1330–1341 (2004).
Nakajima, Okay. Reduced JWST/NIRSpec spectrum for ‘An ultra-faint, chemically primitive galaxy forming in the reionization era’. Zenodo (2026).
Astropy Collaboration Astropy: a neighborhood Python bundle for astronomy. Astron. Astrophys. 558, 33 (2013).
Astropy Collaboration The Astropy mission: constructing an open-science mission and standing of the v2.0 core bundle. Astron. J. 156, 123 (2018).
Astropy Collaboration The Astropy mission: sustaining and rising a community-oriented open-source mission and the most recent main launch (v5.0) of the core bundle. Astrophys. J. 935, 167 (2022).
Luridiana, V., Morisset, C. & Shaw, R. A. PyNeb: a brand new device for analyzing emission traces. I. Code description and validation of outcomes. Astron. Astrophys. 573, 42 (2015).
Gessey-Jones, T. et al. Impact of the primordial stellar preliminary mass operate on the 21-cm sign. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 516, 841–860 (2022).
This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its unique location you possibly can go to the hyperlink bellow:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10374-1
and if you wish to take away this text from our web site please contact us
This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its unique location you'll…
This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its authentic location you'll…
This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its authentic location you'll…
This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its unique location you…
This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its authentic location you…
This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its unique location you…