Transforming Childhood: A Comprehensive Review of Mindfulness Approaches to Tackle Overweight and Obesity in Kids

The objective of this research was to amalgamate evidence from primary studies regarding the acceptability and efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) in enhancing lifestyle behaviors and body mass index (BMI) among children with overweight or obesity. We performed a meta-analysis or adhered to the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines to collate the findings from various studies. This analysis encompassed both mindfulness-only interventions and more extensive behavioral interventions that featured mindfulness elements. The participants comprised overweight or obese children, whose average age was under 18 years. A total of 11 studies were incorporated: 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 1 non-randomized parallel-controlled study, and 3 single-group studies. Retention rates for MBIs fluctuated between 62 to 100%, and participants typically conveyed positive perceptions regarding the interventions. Pertaining to effectiveness, no noteworthy enhancement in BMI was detected overall (pooled mean difference 0.12 kg/m² (95% CI – 0.38 to 0.62); I² = 44%). Subgroup analyses demonstrated that comprehensive behavioral interventions combining mindfulness were effective in affecting BMI, whereas only 11% of mindfulness-only interventions yielded similar outcomes. Furthermore, 71% of the included studies indicated advancements in dietary or physical activity behaviors subsequent to MBIs.

Conclusion:

Mindfulness-based interventions are generally well-accepted and exhibit potential for enhancing lifestyle behaviors. Nevertheless, their influence on BMI remains variable among children with overweight or obesity. Integrating mindfulness practices within comprehensive behavioral interventions may improve their effectiveness. Due to the limited evidence available, these results should be approached with caution. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023411790.

What is known:

• Childhood obesity poses a major public health challenge, and traditional interventions have yielded limited effectiveness. • Mindfulness-based interventions present a promising alternative to conventional methods. A systematic review is urgently required to assess their acceptability and efficacy in improving lifestyle behaviors and body mass index (BMI) in children with overweight or obesity.

What is new:

• Mindfulness-based interventions are generally well-received by children with overweight or obesity. • These interventions demonstrate potential for enhancing lifestyle behaviors, yet their effectiveness in lowering BMI remains inconsistent.