Bee swimming is adaptive however disrupted by insecticide

von Frisch, Okay. The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees (Harvard University Press, 1967).

Seeley, T. D. Division of labor between scouts and recruits in honeybee foraging. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12, 253–259 (1983).

Google Scholar 

Kronenberg, F. & Heller, H. C. Colonial thermoregulation in honey bees (Apis mellifera). J. Comp. Physiol. 148, 65–76 (1982).

Google Scholar 

Roh, C. & Gharib, M. Honeybees use their wings for water floor locomotion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116, 24446–24451 (2019).

Google Scholar 

Taylor, S. J. Skototaxis in three species of flat bugs (Heteroptera: Aradidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 81, 537–538 (1988).

Google Scholar 

Gora, E. M., Gripshover, N. & Yanoviak, S. P. Orientation on the water floor by the carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DE GEER, 1773) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecol N. 23, 33–39 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Schultheiss, P. & Guénard, B. Kinematic research of six mangrove ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) reveals completely different swimming kinds and talents. Myrmecol N. 31, 217–224 (2021).

Google Scholar 

Yanoviak, S. P. & Frederick, D. N. Water floor locomotion in tropical cover ants. J. Exp. Biol. 217, 2163–2170 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Fraenkel, G. & Gunn, D. L. The Orientation of Animals, Kineses, Taxes and Compass Reactions (Dover, 1940).

Lopez-Uribe, M. M., Sconiers, W. B., Frank, S. D., Dunn, R. R. & Tarpy, D. R. Reduced mobile immune response in social insect lineages. Biol. Lett. 12, 20150984 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Hung, Okay. L. J., Kingston, J. M., Albrecht, M., Holway, D. A. & Kohn, J. R. The worldwide significance of honey bees as pollinators in pure habitats. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285, 20172140 (2018).

Google Scholar 

Potts, S. G. et al. Safeguarding pollinators and their values to human well-being. Nature 540, 220–229 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Mullin, C. A. et al. High ranges of miticides and agrochemicals in North American apiaries: implications for honey bee well being. PLoS ONE 5, e9754 (2010).

Google Scholar 

Gill, R. J., Ramos-Rodriguez, O. & Raine, N. E. Combined pesticide publicity severely impacts individual- and colony-level traits in bees. Nature 491, 105–108 (2012).

Google Scholar 

Gill, R. J. & Raine, N. E. Chronic impairment of bumblebee pure foraging behaviour induced by sublethal pesticide publicity. Funct. Ecol. 28, 1459–1471 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Feltham, H., Park, Okay. & Goulson, D. Field real looking doses of pesticide imidacloprid cut back bumblebee pollen foraging effectivity. Ecotoxicology 23, 317–323 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Han, P., Niu, C.-Y., Lei, C.-L., Cui, J.-J. & Desneux, N. Use of an progressive T-tube maze assay and the proboscis extension response assay to evaluate sublethal results of GM merchandise and pesticides on studying capability of the honey bee Apis mellifera L. Ecotoxicology 19, 1612–1619 (2010).

Google Scholar 

Williamson, S. M. & Wright, G. A. Exposure to a number of cholinergic pesticides impairs olfactory studying and reminiscence in honeybees. J. Exp. Biol. 216, 1799–1807 (2013).

Google Scholar 

DesJardins, N. S., Macias, J., Soto, D. S., Harrison, J. F. & Smith, B. H. Inert’ co-formulants of a fungicide mediate acute results on honey bee studying efficiency. Sci. Rep. 13, 19458 (2023).

Google Scholar 

Stanley, D. A., Smith, Okay. E. & Raine, N. E. Bumblebee studying and reminiscence is impaired by continual publicity to a neonicotinoid pesticide. Sci. Rep. 5, 16508 (2015).

Google Scholar 

Samuelson, E. E. W., Chen-Wishart, Z. P., Gill, R. J. & Leadbeater, E. Effect of acute pesticide publicity on bee spatial working reminiscence utilizing an analogue of the radial-arm maze. Sci. Rep. 6, 38957 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Paoli, M. & Giurfa, M. Pesticides and pollinator mind: How do neonicotinoids have an effect on the central nervous system of bees?. Eur. J. Neurosci. 60, 5927–5948 (2024).

Google Scholar 

Bortolotti, L., Montanari, R., Marcelino, J. & Medrzycki, P. Effect of sub-lethal imidacloprid doses on the homing price and foraging exercise of honey bees. Bull. Insectol. 56, 63–68 (2003).

Google Scholar 

Fischer, J. et al. Neonicotinoids intervene with particular parts of navigation in honeybees. PLoS One 9, e91364 (2014).

Google Scholar 

Mitchell, E. A. D. et al. A worldwide survey of neonicotinoids in honey. Science 358, 109–111 (2017).

Google Scholar 

Tosi, S., Costa, C., Vesco, U., Quaglia, G. & Guido, G. A 3-year survey of Italian honey bee-collected pollen reveals widespread contamination by agricultural pesticides. Sci. Total Environ. 615, 208–218 (2018).

Google Scholar 

Douglas, M. R. & Tooker, J. F. Large-scale deployment of seed remedies has pushed fast enhance in use of neonicotinoid pesticides and preemptive pest administration in U.S. discipline crops. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 5088–5097 (2015).

Google Scholar 

Menzel, R. & Greggers, U. Natural phototaxis and its relationship to color imaginative and prescient in honeybees. J. Comp. Physiol. A 157, 311–321 (1985).

Google Scholar 

Ajie, B. C., Estes, S., Lynch, M. & Phillips, P. C. Behavioral degradation below mutation accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 170, 655–660 (2005).

Google Scholar 

Luo, L. et al. Navigational determination making in Drosophila thermotaxis. J. Neurosci. 30, 4261–4272 (2010).

Google Scholar 

Klein, M. et al. Sensory determinants of behavioral dynamics in Drosophila thermotaxis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, E220–E229 (2015).

Google Scholar 

Menzel, R. Spectral sensitivity and shade imaginative and prescient in invertebrates. In Comparative physiology and evolution of imaginative and prescient in invertebrates (ed. Autrum, H.) 503–580 (Springer-Verlag, 1979).

Gorostiza, E. A., Colomb, J. & Brembs, B. A call underlies phototaxis in an insect. Open Biol. 6, 160229 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Ben-Shahar, Y., Leung, H. T., Pak, W. L., Sokolowski, M. B. & Robinson, G. E. cGMP-dependent modifications in phototaxis: a doable position for the foraging gene in honey bee division of labor. J. Exp. Biol. 206, 2507–2515 (2003).

Google Scholar 

Nouvian, M. & Galizia, C. G. Complexity and plasticity in honey bee phototactic behaviour. Sci. Rep. 10, 7872 (2020).

Google Scholar 

Tosi, S. & Nieh, J. C. A standard neonicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, alters honey bee exercise, motor features, and motion to mild. Sci. Rep. 7, 15132 (2017).

Google Scholar 

Tosi, S., Burgio, G. & Nieh, J. C. A standard neonicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, impairs honey bee flight skill. Sci. Rep. 7, 1201 (2017).

Google Scholar 

Ludicke, J. C. & Nieh, J. C. Thiamethoxam impairs honey bee visible studying, alters determination occasions, and will increase irregular behaviors. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 193, 110367 (2020).

Google Scholar 

Lin, Y. C., Lu, Y. H., Tang, C. Okay., Yang, E. C. & Wu, Y. L. Honey bee foraging skill suppressed by imidacloprid might be ameliorated by including adenosine. Environ. Pollut. 332, 121920 (2023).

Google Scholar 

El Hassani, A. Okay. et al. Effects of sublethal doses of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam on the conduct of the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Arch. Environ. Con Tox 54, 653–661 (2008).

Google Scholar 

Lindauer, M. The water economic system and temperature regulation of the honeybee colony. Bee World 36, 105–111 (1955).

Google Scholar 

Rayment, T. Water cells. Am. Bee J. 63, 135–136 (1923).

Google Scholar 

Heran, H. & Lindauer, M. Windkompensation und Seitenwindkorrektur der Bienen beim Flug über Wasser. Z. f.ür. Vgl. Physiol. 47, 39–55 (1963).

Google Scholar 

Serres, J. R. et al. Floor and ceiling mirror configurations to review altitude management in honeybees. Biol. Lett. 18, 20210534 (2022).

Google Scholar 

Toth, A. L. & Robinson, G. E. Evo-devo and the evolution of social conduct. Trends Genet 23, 334–341 (2007).

Google Scholar 

Ostwald, M. M., Fox, T. P., Harrison, J. F. & Fewell, J. H. Social penalties of energetically pricey nest building in a facultatively social bee. P. Roy. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 288, 20210033 (2021).

Google Scholar 

Raine, N. E., Ings, T. C., Dornhaus, A., Saleh, N. & Chittka, L. Adaptation, Genetic Drift, Pleiotropy, and History within the Evolution of Bee Foraging Behavior. Adv. Study Behav. 36, 305–354 (2006).

Google Scholar 

Fawcett, F., Minckley, R. L., & Neff, J. L. The Solitary Bees: Biology, Evolution, Conservation (Princeton University Press, 2019).

Ruttner, F. Geographic variability. In Biogeography and Taxonomy of Honeybees (ed. Ruttner, F) 37–42 (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988).

Wei, S. G., Wang, R., Smirle, M. J. & Xu, H. L. Release of Osmia excavata and Osmia jacoti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) for apple pollination. Can. Entomol. 134, 369–380 (2002).

Google Scholar 

Roquer-Beni, L. et al. A novel methodology to measure hairiness in bees and different insect pollinators. Ecol. Evol. 10, 2979–2990 (2020).

Google Scholar 

Kreitlow, Okay. L. & Tarpy, D. R. Environmental and genotypic results on Russian-hybrid and Italian honey bee (Apis mellifera) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foraging conduct. Environ. Entomol. 35, 1610–1616 (2006).

Google Scholar 

Saleem, M. S., Huang, Z. Y. & Milbrath, M. O. Neonicotinoid pesticides are extra poisonous to honey bees at decrease temperatures: implications for overwintering bees. Front. Ecol. Evol. 8, 556856 (2020).

Google Scholar 

Giurfa, M. & Lehrer, M. Honeybee imaginative and prescient and floral shows: from detection to close-up recognition. In Cognitive ecology of pollination (ed. Chittka, L. & Thomson, J. D.) 991–1003 (Cambridge University Press, 2009).

Srinivasan, M. V. Honey bees as a mannequin for imaginative and prescient, notion, and cognition. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 55, 267–284 (2010).

Google Scholar 

Sprent, P. & Fischer, N. I. Statistical evaluation of round knowledge. J. Appl. Ecol. 31, 402 (1994).

Google Scholar 

The R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (The R Development Core Team, 2013).

Liu, F., Li, W. & Huang, Z. Y. Bee swimming is adaptive however disrupted by insecticide. Datadryad, (2025).