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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Front. Public Health
Sec. Life-Course Epidemiology and Social Inequalities in Health
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, a novel multisystem dysfunction, integrates interconnected dangers throughout cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic methods. While life-style components are recognized to affect every CKM part illness, their influence on the dynamic development of CKM syndrome as a unified entity stays unclear, notably throughout its longitudinal levels and scientific subtypes (4a/4b). Methods: The examine included 308,657 UK Biobank contributors in CKM levels 0–3 at baseline. Multi-state fashions have been used to research the results of composite and particular person life-style scores (smoking, alcohol consumption, bodily exercise, food regimen, sleep period, and sedentary time) on transitions to scientific stage and subsequent loss of life. The relative contribution of every issue was quantified utilizing quantile G-computation. Results: During a median follow-up of 13.71 years, 30,516 contributors progressed to stage 4 and 22,280 deaths occurred. Each 1-point enchancment in life-style rating was related to roughly a 15% decrease threat of CKM development. After refining stage 4 into subtypes, the strongest protecting impact was noticed in transition from baseline to stage 4b, with hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52–0.63] for the rating 2–4 group and 0.35 (95% CI: 0.30–0.41) for the rating 5–6 group, in comparison with rating 0–1. Never smoking confirmed the best contribution total (23.1%–65.1%) throughout stage transitions, with the strongest threat discount noticed within the transition from stage 4a to loss of life (HR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.60–0.70). Conclusions: A wholesome life-style was related to slower longitudinal CKM syndrome development. These findings assist stage-specific life-style methods and early intervention, emphasizing smoking cessation as a key goal to delay CKM development and scale back untimely loss of life.
Summary
Keywords
cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, disease progression, lifestyle factors, Multi-state models, UK Biobank
Received
07 January 2026
Accepted
10 March 2026
Copyright
© 2026 Chen, Duan, Li, Liu and Yin. This is an open-access article distributed underneath the phrases of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or replica in different boards is permitted, supplied the unique writer(s) or licensor are credited and that the unique publication on this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted tutorial follow. No use, distribution or replica is permitted which doesn’t adjust to these phrases.
*Correspondence: Ping Yin
Disclaimer
All claims expressed on this article are solely these of the authors and don’t essentially characterize these of their affiliated organizations, or these of the writer, the editors and the reviewers. Any product which may be evaluated on this article or declare which may be made by its producer is just not assured or endorsed by the writer.
This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its authentic location you’ll be able to go to the hyperlink bellow:
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