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Abstract
Background
To examine heterogeneity in dementia threat throughout diabetes subgroups and look at whether or not life-style mitigates this threat.
Methods
We did an unsupervised clustering evaluation (self-organizing maps) in sufferers with diabetes from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Clustering variables included age at diabetes onset, physique mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), whole ldl cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein ldl cholesterol (HDL-c), systolic blood strain (SBP), estimated glomerular filtration charge (eGFR), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Healthy life-style elements included by no means smoking, low to average alcohol consumption, and prime tertile of bodily exercise. Incident dementia was outlined as a self-reported prognosis or Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) scores ≤6.
Results
We included 10,705 individuals (40.2% males and imply age 67.6 years) on this evaluation. Three subgroups have been recognized amongst diabetes: subgroup 1 (excessive BMI and elevated inflammatory marker), subgroup 2 (late-onset diabetes, hypertension, and low eGFR), and subgroup 3 (early-onset diabetes, excessive HbA1c, and excessive levels of cholesterol). Compared to normoglycemia, subgroup 3 of diabetes confirmed a considerably greater threat of dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-1.77), whereas the opposite subgroups didn’t. However, adopting a positive life-style was related to a diminished threat of dementia in individuals with normoglycemia (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57-0.87), prediabetes (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.50-0.90), and subgroup 1 of diabetes (HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.79).
Conclusions
Diabetes-related dementia threat is heterogeneous, and advantages of life-style might differ by diabetes subgroups.
Summary
Keywords
Clustering analysis, Dementia, diabetes subgroups, lifestyle, self-organizing maps (SOMs)
Copyright
© 2026 Zhao, Wang, Tan, Wang, Meng, Xiang, Wang, Zhang, Lin, Wang, Li, Wang, Zhao, Zheng, Xu, Lu, Wang, Ning, Bi and Xu. This is an open-access article distributed underneath the phrases of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or copy in different boards is permitted, offered the unique creator(s) or licensor are credited and that the unique publication on this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted educational apply. No use, distribution or copy is permitted which doesn’t adjust to these phrases.
*Correspondence: Yu Xu
Disclaimer
All claims expressed on this article are solely these of the authors and don’t essentially signify these of their affiliated organizations, or these of the writer, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that could be evaluated on this article or declare that could be made by its producer just isn’t assured or endorsed by the writer.
This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its unique location you may go to the hyperlink bellow:
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2026.1938222/full
and if you wish to take away this text from our web site please contact us
