This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its unique location you may go to the hyperlink bellow: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13414732/and if you wish to take away this text from our website please contact us [ad_1] 3.2. Study Characteristics The 15 included RCTs had been revealed between 2017 and 2025 [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30]. Included research originated from the United States (n = 7) [14,16,17,18,20,22,28,29], Germany (n = 2) [19,24], Taiwan (n = 3 reviews from two trials) [26,27,30], and one examine every from Norway [15], Iran [21], Canada [23], and Brazil [25]. Across all included research, 6256 individuals had been enrolled, with 2216 individuals included in chubby subgroup analyses. Mean maternal age ranged from roughly 25 to 36 years, and gestational age at enrollment ranged from roughly 8 to 19 weeks. Six research included individuals with chubby and weight problems (OW/OB), six included all BMI classes, and three included solely individuals with chubby (OW solely). Dietary interventions had been mostly categorized as Counseling and Monitoring (n = 8) [16,17,20,21,22,26,27,28,29,30], adopted by Structured Dietary (n = 4) [14,18,23,25] and Counseling (n = 3) [15,19,24]. Similarly, PA interventions had been predominantly categorized as Counseling and Monitoring (n = 8) [17,18,19,20,22,26,27,28,29,30], adopted by Counseling (n = 4) [14,16,24,25] and Structured PA (n = 3) [15,21,23]. Outcome information on this overview had been extracted from chubby group analyses. Most research reported complete GWG, whereas some moreover reported GWG fee and extreme GWG. Overall, intervention teams typically demonstrated decrease GWG outcomes in contrast with management teams. Total GWG ranged from roughly 8.9 to fifteen.3 kg in intervention teams and from 9.2 to 17.7 kg in management teams. Among research reporting GWG fee, decrease weekly weight achieve was typically noticed in intervention teams than in management teams [16,20,23,25]. Excessive GWG was additionally much less frequent amongst individuals receiving life-style interventions in most research. The proportion of extreme GWG ranged from 20.0% to 85.0% in intervention teams and from 30.3% to 100% in management teams [16,17,18,19,21,22,24,25,26,27,28,29,30], though the magnitude of the impact assorted throughout research. Detailed examine traits are introduced in Table 1. Table 1. Study traits of the included research. No. Author (Year) Country Participant Characteristics Intervention Summary Weight Outcomes Age (Years) GA (Weeks) BMI Category Total n (I/C) OW n (I/C) Total GWG (kg), Mean (SD) GWG Rate (kg/Week), Mean (SD) Excess GWG (%) Eligibility Baseline, Mean (SD) Eligibility Baseline 1 Peccei (2017) [14] USA 18–49 NA NA OW/OB 180/92 76/40 StD, CPA 12.20 (9.85)14.33 (5.85) NA NA 2 Sagedal (2017) [15] Norway ≥18 27.9 (4.2)28.1 (4.5) ≤20 15.4 (2.6)15.6 (2.4) All 267/266 63/49 CD, StPA 15.3 (7.4)16.7 (7.1) NA NA 3 Gallagher (2018) [16] USA ≥18 33.8 (4.0)33.8 (4.7) 9–15 14.96 (0.72)14.82 (0.78) OW/OB 97/99 60/58 CMD, CPA 9.01 (3.55)10.33 (4.00) 0.25 (0.10)0.29 (0.11) 2038 4 Van Horn (2018) [17] USA 18–45 33 (4)34 (4) 13.0 (1.0)13.0 (1.0) OW/OB 140/140 63/64 CMD, CMPA 11.79 (5.44)12.25 (4.99) NA 7986 5 Buckingham-Schutt (2019) [18] USA 18–45 31.6 (4.6)31.2 (3.6) 8–14 NA All 23/24 7/6 StD, CMPA 9.3 (3.1)10.9 (4.8) NA 28.683.4 6 Kunath (2019) [19] Germany 18–43 30.2 (4.4)30.4 (4.7) ≤12 8.1 (2.1)8.4 (2.2) All 946/939 230/200 CD, CMPA 14.0 (6.0)14.1 (5.5) NA 65.269.0 7 Ferrara (2020) [20] USA ≥18 32.4 (4.1)32.6 (4.3) 8–15 14.2 (1.4)14.4 (1.3) OW/OB 199/195 131/124 CMD, CMPA 11.39 (5.13) 12.80 (5.02) 0.28 (0.14)0.33 (0.13) NA 8 Hajian (2020) [21] Iran 18–40 25.94 (4.22)25.06 (3.43) 16–20 18.73 (1.38) 18.42 (1.30) OW 33/33 33/33 CMD, StPA 12.92 (1.27) 17.67 (1.66) NA 84.8100 9 Liu (2021) [22] USA 18–44 30.4 (5.1)29.1 (4.8) ≤16 12.6 (2.3) 12.6 (2.3) OW/OB 112/105 56/49 CMD, CMPA NA NA AA: 61.290.3W: 67.567.2 10 Atkinson (2022) [23] Canada NA 31.6 (3.90)31.3 (4.3) 12–17 13.75 (1.75)13.60 (1.61) All 105/112 30/32 StD, StPA 11.30 (3.11) 12.22 (3.69) 0.48 (0.13)0.53 (0.15) NA 11 Krebs (2022) [24] Germany ≥18 31.3 (4.3)31.3 (4.4) 9.9 (1.9)9.9 (2.0) All 744/636 172/132 CD, CPA 13.9 (NA)15.6 (NA) 1 NA 78.281.1 12 Sartorelli (2023) [25] Brazil ≥18 NA ≤15 NA OW 121/139 121/139 StD, CPA 8.9 (4.3)10.1 (4.6) 0.43 (0.19) 0.47 (0.21) 62.073.4 13 Chen (2023 [26]; 2024 [27]) Taiwan ≥20 32.8 (4.96) 13.91 (NA) OW/OB 37/43 24/33 CMD, CMPA 9.25 (5.71)9.20 (5.42) 2 NA 29.230.3 3 14 Cabre (2025) [28]; Kebbe (2025) [29] USA 18–40 27.0 (6.0)28.0 (6.0) 10–16 15.2 (1.6)15.1 (1.6) All 163/154 42/37 CMD, CMPA NA NA 8586 4 15 Su (2025) [30] Taiwan ≥18 35.71 (4.31) 35.82 (4.28) 16.40 (4.11)15.78 (2.91) OW 56/56 56/56 CMD, CMPA 10.61 (3.07)11.68 (3.96) NA 26.047.7 Regarding intervention traits, dietary procedures generally included wholesome consuming counseling, individualized dietary steerage, calorie or portion management, weight monitoring, and dietary self-monitoring [15,16,17,19,20,21,22,26,27,28,29,30]. Several research applied structured dietary approaches, together with low-carbohydrate, carbohydrate-controlled, high-protein dairy, and minimally processed food-based diets [14,18,23,25]. Physical exercise procedures generally promoted strolling, step-count targets, and achievement of at the very least 150 min/week of moderate-intensity PA [17,18,19,20,22,26,27,28,29,30], whereas some research integrated supervised or prescribed cardio, energy, stretching, or strolling train packages [15,21,23]. Modes of supply mostly mixed face-to-face and technology-based approaches [14,15,17,18,20,21,22,23,24], adopted by technology-only supply utilizing cellular purposes, wearable exercise trackers, and SMS communication [26,27,28,29,30], whereas fewer research used face-to-face supply alone [16,19,25]. Intervention period ranged from 19 to 26 weeks, with most research lasting 22–24 weeks. Core elements ceaselessly included purpose setting, self-monitoring, suggestions, reminders, motivational interviewing, social assist, teaching, and drawback fixing [17,18,20,22,23,24,26,27,28,29,30]. Supervised train was integrated in two research [15,23], whereas incentive- or reward-based methods had been reported in technology-based interventions [26,27,28,29,30]. Detailed intervention traits are introduced in Table 2, with extra data on intervention supplies, suppliers, and settings supplied in Supplementary Table S2. Table 2. Lifestyle intervention traits of the included research. No. Author (Year) Dietary Procedures PA Procedures Modes of Delivery Duration of Program Core Intervention 1 Peccei (2017) [14] Individualized meal plans, low-carbohydrate food plan counseling, label studying, wholesome meals procuring, and vitamin counseling (StD) Walking > 30 min/day, pedometer use, train overview throughout classes (CPA) Face-to-face and expertise 24-w, 12 classes (10–30 min/session) Self-monitoring, Feedback 2 Sagedal (2017) [15] Portion dimension, meal patterns, limiting snacks, growing water/fruits/greens consumption (CD) Group cardio, energy, and stretching workout routines; reasonable PA 3 days/week (StPA) Face-to-face and expertise 24-w, 2 food plan classes (20 min/session) and 48 PA classes (60 min/session) Supervised train, Self-monitoring 3 Gallagher (2018) [16] Calorie-controlled nutritious diet, portion management, meal alternative, wholesome meals selections, and self-monitoring to attain acceptable GWG (CMD) Walking, elevated PA, step-count targets (10,000 steps/day) (CPA) Face-to-face 21-w, 10 classes Social assist, Behavioral assist 4 Van Horn (2018) [17] Calorie-controlled DASH-based food plan selling fruits, greens, entire grains, low-fat dairy, and diminished sugar-sweetened/non-nutrient-dense meals (CMD) >30 min/day or >10,000 steps/day (CMPA) Face-to-face and expertise 22-w, 9 classes Motivational interviewing 5 Buckingham-Schutt (2019) [18] Carbohydrate-controlled meal plan emphasizing entire grains, lean proteins, and unsaturated fat (StD) Walking 10,000 steps/day, elevated MVPA (CMPA) Face-to-face and expertise 22-w, ≥6 classes (15–30 min/session) SDT, MI, Feedback 6 Kunath (2019) [19] Balanced nutritious diet selling acceptable GWG, wholesome nutrient consumption, and avoiding alcohol/tobacco and food-borne infections (CD) ≥150 min/week of moderate-intensity PA (CMPA) Face-to-face 24-w, 3 classes (30–45 min/session) Self-monitoring, Feedback 7 Ferrara (2020) [20] Healthy consuming targets centered on portion dimension, calorie consumption, and fats consumption (CMD) 150 min/week moderate-to-vigorous PA and diminished sedentary conduct (CMPA) Face-to-face and expertise 24-w, 13 classes (30 min/session) Motivational interviewing, Goal setting, Self-monitoring 8 Hajian (2020) [21] Balanced and versatile food plan with correction of dietary misconceptions and wholesome consuming steerage throughout being pregnant (CMD) Aerobic train ≥ 3 occasions/week, strolling 20–30 min/day, and stretching workout routines (StPA) Face-to-face and expertise 20-w, classes (30–45 min/session) NA 9 Liu (2021) [22] MyPlate steerage, custom-made calorie targets, nutritious diet excessive in fruits/greens/entire grains and low in saturated/trans fat (CMD) ≥150 min/week moderate-intensity PA (CMPA) Face-to-face and expertise 26-w, ≥11 classes Goal setting, Self-monitoring, Feedback, Problem fixing, Social assist 10 Atkinson (2022) [23] Individualized high-protein dairy food plan, power necessities calculated individually, vitamin counseling with recipes and meal plans (StD) Walking 3–4 occasions/week beginning 25 min/session and growing by 2 min weekly to 40 min/session; purpose 10,000 steps/day (StPA) Face-to-face and expertise 26-w, 20 food plan classes and 78 PA classes (25–40 min/session) Goal setting, Supervised train, Adherence assist 11 Krebs (2022) [24] Brief counseling on food plan and wholesome life-style subjects primarily based on suggestions (CD) PA counseling built-in into prenatal care (CPA) Face-to-face and expertise 24-w, ≥6 classes (10 min/session) Motivational interviewing, Goal setting, Reminders, Self-regulation 12 Sartorelli (2023) [25] Promoting minimally processed meals, elevated fruit and vegetable consumption, diminished ultra-processed meals and sugar-sweetened drinks (StD) ≥150 min/week PA (CPA) Face-to-face 19-w, 3 classes (30 min/session) NA 13 Chen (2023 [26]; 2024 [27]) GWG purpose setting based on IOM suggestions (CMD) Walking 8500 steps/day (CMPA) Technology 20-w, 20 contacts (app) Goal setting, Self-monitoring, Feedback, Reminders, Incentives/rewards 14 Cabre (2025) [28]; Kebbe (2025) [29] Healthy consuming, portion management, wholesome recipes utilizing WIC meals, weight monitoring, and personalised dietary suggestions (CMD) ≥150 min/week reasonable PA, strolling 5000–10,000 steps/day, train movies, discount in sedentary time (CMPA) Technology 24-w, 24 contacts (app) Goal setting, Self-monitoring; Feedback, Social assist, Coaching, Reminders 15 Su (2025) [30] Guidance to keep away from high-sugar/high-fat meals, encouragement of balanced consumption from six meals teams, custom-made dietary (CMD) Exercise plans, ≥30 min reasonable PA/day for 3–5 days/week, upkeep or initiation of train (CMPA) Technology 22-w, ≥22 contacts (app) Goal setting, Self-monitoring, Feedback, Reminders, Coaching, Incentives/rewards, Social assist [ad_2] This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its unique location you may go to the hyperlink bellow: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13414732/and if you wish to take away this text from our website please contact us