| Exercise-based interventions |
| Meng et al. (2022), China [16] |
RCT, 3 arms |
Adolescents with weight problems (n=36; imply age, 11.2 yr) |
HIIT, 3 periods/wk |
Nonexercise; reasonable coaching |
12 Wk |
↓BMI, ↓adiposity, ↓LDL, ↓IR; ↑health |
| Racil et al. (2025), Tunisia [17] |
RCT, 3 arms |
Girls with extreme weight problems (n=35; imply age, 14.4 yr) |
Interval coaching, 3 periods/wk |
Nonexercise |
8 Wk |
↓BMI, ↓BP, ↓glucose; ↑health |
| Vasconcellos et al. (2021), Brazil [18] |
RCT (pilot), 2 arms |
Adolescents with MetS (n=13; age, 13–17 yr) |
Recreational soccer 3 periods/wk |
Nonexercise |
12 Wk |
↑HDL, ↓TG; ↓MetS prevalence |
| Wang et al. (2025), China/Poland [19] |
RCT, 3 arms |
Overweight youngsters (n=90; age, 9–12 yr) |
HIIT±weight loss plan |
Moderate-intensity steady coaching |
9 Wk |
↓BMI, ↓lipids; ↑CV perform |
| Tsakona et al. (2025), Greece [20] |
Non-RCT |
Children/adolescents with morbid weight problems (n=31; age, 5–18 yr) |
Physiotherapy + stress administration |
Usual bodily exercise with train recommendation |
16 Wk |
↓BMI, ↓BP, ↓IR; ↑HDL |
| Dietary interventions |
| Rasaei et al. (2025), Iran [21] |
RCT |
Overweight/overweight (n=58; age, 8–12 yr) |
DASH weight loss plan |
Standard weight loss plan |
8 Wk |
↓Weight, ↓WC, ↓BMI |
| Rasaei et al. (2025), Iran [22] |
RCT |
Overweight/overweight (n=58; age, 8–12 yr) |
DASH weight loss plan (sodium-restricted) |
Usual weight loss plan |
8 Wk |
↓SBP, ↓DBP |
| Abdallah et al. (2025), Egypt [23] |
RCT, 3 arms |
Children with weight problems (n=111; age, 6–13 yr) |
Fiber supplementation/weight loss plan |
General life-style counseling solely |
8 Wk |
↓Glucose, ↓insulin, ↓BMI |
| Schmidt et al. (2023), USA [24] |
RCT |
Adolescents with weight problems (n= 105; age, 11–18 yr), |
Sugar discount (≤10% power) |
Dietitian-led management |
12 Wk |
↓TG, ↓TNF-α; ↑β-cell perform |
| Blancas-Sánchez et al. (2022), Spain [25] |
RCT (pilot) |
Children with prediabetes (n= 29; age, ~10 yr) |
Mediterranean weight loss plan, training |
Standard recommendation |
20 Wk |
↓HbA1c, ↓insulin, ↓WC |
| Yurtdaş et al. (2022), Turkey [26] |
RCT |
Adolescents with MASLD (n=44; age, 11–18 yr) |
Mediterranean weight loss plan |
Low-fat weight loss plan |
12 Wk |
↓BMI, ↓steatosis, ↓IR |
| Cohen et al. (2021), USA [27] |
RCT |
Boys with MASLD (n=29; age, 11–16 yr) |
Low free-sugar weight loss plan |
Usual weight loss plan |
8 Wk |
↓Hepatic fats, ↓insulin, ↓ALT |
| Skelly et al. (2021), Canada [28] |
RCT |
Adolescent women with chubby or weight problems (n=46; age, 10–18 yr) |
High dairy consumption |
Low dairy consumption |
12 Wk |
No important change |
| Multicomponent life-style interventions |
| Xu et al. (2020), China [29] |
Cluster RCT |
School youngsters from high-obesity colleges (n=6,764; age, 7–13 yr) |
School-based life-style program (diet training, PA, dad or mum involvement) |
Usual college |
1 Yr |
↓SBP, ↓ excessive BP incidence |
| Practice (commonplace college curriculum) |
| Jain et al. (2022), India [30] |
RCT, 3 arms |
Overweight/overweight (n=109; age, 8–15 yr) |
Comprehensive Yoga program + weight loss plan |
Standard weight administration |
18 Wk |
↓WC, ↓SBP, ↓HOMA-IR |
| Ojeda-Rodríguez et al. (2020), Spain [31] |
RCT |
Children with stomach weight problems (n=87; age, 7–16 yr) |
Mediterranean weight loss plan + PA + behavioral counseling |
Standard pediatric dietary suggestions |
12 Mo |
↓BMI-SDS, ↓fats mass, ↑telomere size |
