This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its authentic location you’ll be able to go to the hyperlink bellow:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10533-4
and if you wish to take away this text from our website please contact us
Mills, D. B. et al. Eukaryogenesis and oxygen in Earth historical past. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 6, 520–532 (2022).
Porter, S. M. Insights into eukaryogenesis from the fossil file. Interface Focus 10, 20190105 (2020).
Brocks, J. J. et al. The rise of algae in Cryogenian oceans and the emergence of animals. Nature 548, 578–581 (2017).
Tang, Q. et al. Quantifying the worldwide biodiversity of Proterozoic eukaryotes. Science 386, 1364 (2024).
Roger, A. J., Munoz-Gomez, S. A. & Kamikama, R. The origin and diversification of mitochondria. Curr. Biol. 27, R1177–R1192 (2017).
Martin, W. & Müller, M. The hydrogen speculation for the primary eukaryote. Nature 392, 37–41 (1998).
Kay, C. J. et al. Dated gene duplications elucidate the evolutionary meeting of eukaryotes. Nature 650, 129–140 (2025).
Appler, Ok. E. et al. Oxygen metabolism in descendants of the archaeal-eukaryotic ancestor. Nature 652, 405–415 (2026).
Zhang, J. et al. Deep origin of eukaryotes exterior Heimdallarchaeia inside Asgardarchaeota. Nature 642, 990–998 (2025).
Fan, L. et al. Phylogenetic analyses with systematic taxon sampling present that mitochondria department inside Alphaproteobacteria. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 1213–1219 (2020).
López-García, P. & Moreira, D. The syntrophy speculation for the origin of eukaryotes revisited. Nat. Microbiol. 5, 655–667 (2020).
Javaux, E. J. A various Palaeoproterozoic microbial ecosystem implies early eukaryogenesis. Philos. Trans. B 380, 20240092 (2025).
Butterfield, N. J. Early evolution of the Eukaryota. Palaeontology 58, 5–17 (2015).
Sagan, L. On the origin of mitosing cells. J. Theor. Biol. 14, 225–274 (1967).
Poulton, S. W. & Canfield, D. E. Ferruginous situations: a dominant function of the ocean by Earth’s historical past. Elements 7, 107–112 (2011).
Lyons, T. W., Diamond, C. W., Planavsky, N. J., Reinhard, C. T. & Li, C. Oxygenation, life, and the planetary system throughout Earth’s center historical past: an summary. Astrobiology 21, 906–923 (2021).
Riedman, L. A., Porter, S. M., Lechte, M. A., dos Santos, A. & Halverson, G. P. Early eukaryotic microfossils of the late Palaeoproterozoic Limbunya Group, Birrindudu Basin, northern Australia. Pap. Palaeontol. 9, e1538 (2023).
Ahmad, M. & Munson, T. J. Geology and mineral sources of the Northern Territory. NTGS Special Publication 5 (Northern Territory Geological Survey, 2013).
Javaux, E. in Eukaryotic Membranes and Cytoskeleton: Origins and Evolution (ed. Jékely, G.) 1–19 (Springer, 2007).
Shen, Y., Knoll, A. H. & Walter, M. R. Evidence for low sulphate and anoxia in a mid-Proterozoic marine basin. Nature 423, 632–635 (2003).
Spinks, S. C., Schmid, S. & Pagès, A. Delayed euxinia Paleoproterozoic intracontinental seas: very important havens for the evolution of eukaryotes? Precambrian Res. 287, 208–114 (2016).
Subarkah, D. et al. Characterizing the financial Proterozoic Glyde Package of the larger McArthur Basin, northern Australia. Ore Geol. Rev. 158, 105499 (2023).
Planavsky, N. J. et al. Evidence for episodic oxygenation in a weakly redox-buffered deep mid-Proterozoic ocean. Chem. Geol. 483, 581–594 (2018).
Tang, D., Shi, X., Wang, X. & Jiang, G. Extremely low oxygen concentrations in mid-Proterozoic shallow seawaters. Precambrian Res. 276, 145–157 (2016).
Porter, S. M., Riedman, L. A., Woltz, C. R., Gold, D. A. & Kellogg, J. B. Early eukaryote variety: a evaluate and reinterpretation. Paleobiology 51, 132–149 (2025).
Porter, S. M. & Riedman, L. A. Frameworks for deciphering the early fossil file of eukaryotes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 77, 173–191 (2023).
Woltz, C. R. et al. Total natural carbon and the preservation of organic-walled microfossils in Precambrian shale. Geology 49, 556–560 (2021).
Betts, H. C. et al. Integrated genomic and fossil proof illuminates life’s early evolution and eukaryotic origin. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1556–1562 (2018).
Craig, J. M., Kumar, S. & Hedges, S. B. The origin of eukaryotes and rise in complexity have been synchronous with the rise in oxygen. Front. Bioinform. 3, 1233281 (2023).
Mahendrarajah, T. A. et al. ATP synthase evolution on a cross-braced dated tree of life. Nat. Commun. 14, 7456 (2023).
Love, G. D. & Zumberge, J. A. Emerging Patterns in Proterozoic Lipid Biomarker Records. Elements in Geochemical Tracers in Earth System Science (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).
Brocks, J. J. et al. Lost world of advanced life and the late rise of the eukaryotic crown. Nature 618, 767–773 (2023).
Nguyen, Ok. et al. Absence of biomarker proof for early eukaryotic life type the Mesoproterozoic Roper Group: looking throughout a marine gradient in mid-Proterozoic habitability. Geobiology 17, 247–260 (2019).
Vidal, G. & Knoll, A. H. Proterozoic plankton. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 161, 265–277 (1983).
Knoll, A. H. Proterozoic and early Cambrian protists: proof for accelerating evolutionary tempo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 91, 6743–6750 (1994).
Butterfield, N. J. Plankton ecology and the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition. Paleobiology 23, 247–262 (1997).
Butterfield, N. J. Probable Proterozoic fungi. Paleobiology 31, 165–182 (2005).
Martin, F. Acritarchs: a evaluate. Biol. Rev. 68, 475–538 (1993).
Knoll, A. H., Javaux, E. J., Hewitt, D. & Cohen, P. Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 361, 1023–1038 (2006).
Butterfield, N. J. & Chandler, F. W. Palaeoenvironmental distribution of Proterozoic microfossils, with an instance from the Agu Bay Formation, Baffin Island. Palaeontology 35, 943–957 (1992).
Knoll, A. H., Swett, Ok. & Mark, J. Paleobiology of a Neoproterozoic tidal flat/lagoonal advanced: the Draken Conglomerate Formation, Spitsbergen. J. Paleontol. 65, 531–570 (1991).
Butterfield, N. J., Knoll, A. H. & Swett, Ok. Paleobiology of the Neoproterozoic Svanbergfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen. Fossils Strata 34, 1–84 (1994).
Tingle, Ok. E., Anderson, R. P., Kelley, N. P. & Darroch, S. A. F. Sustained shift within the morphology of organic-walled microfossils over the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. R. Soc. Open Sci. 12, 241966 (2025).
Reinhard, R. T. et al. The impression of marine nutrient abundance on early eukaryotic ecosystems. Geobiology 18, 139–151 (2020).
Logan, G. A., Hayes, J. M., Hieshima, G. B. & Summons, R. E. Terminal Proterozoic reorganization of biogeochemical cycles. Nature 376, 53–56 (1995).
Qi, F.-L. et al. Interpreting microbial species-area relationships: results of sequence information processing algorithms and becoming fashions. Microorganisms 13, 635 (2025).
Peters, S. E. Geologic constraints on the macroevolutionary historical past of marine animals. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 12326–12331 (2005).
Munson, T. J. et al. Summary of Results. NTGS Laser Ablation ICP–MS U–Pb and Lu–Hf Geochronology Project: Roper Group (McArthur Basin), Overlying Ungrouped Units (Beetaloo Sub-basin), Renner Group (Tomkinson Province), and Tijunna Group (Birrindudu Basin).NTGS Record 2018-007 (Northern Territory Geological Survey, 2018).
Kositicin, N. & Carson, C. J. New SHRIMP U–Pb Zircon Ages from the Birrindudu and Victoria Basins, Northern Territory: July 2016–June 2017. Canberra Record 2017/16 (Geoscience Australia, 2017).
Carson, C. J. The Victoria and Birrindudu Basins, Victoria River area, Northern Territory, Australia: a SHRIMP U–Pb detrital zircon and Sm–Nd examine. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 60, 175–196 (2013).
Munson, T. J., Denyszyn, S. W., Simmons, J. M. & Kunzmann, M. A 1642 Ma age for the Fraynes Formation, Birrindudu Basin, confirms correlation with the economically important Barney Creek Formation, McArthur Basin, Northern Territory. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 67, 321–330 (2019).
Smith, J. Summary of Results. Joint NTGS – AGSO Age Determination Program 1999-2001. NTGS Record 2001-007 (Northern Territory Geological Survey, 2001).
Jackson, M. J., Sweet, I. P., Page, R. W. & Bradshaw, B. E. in Integrated basin Analysis of the Isa Superbasin utilizing Seismic, Well-log and Geopotential Data: An Evaluation of the Economic Potential of the Northern Lawn Hill Platform, Australian Geological Survey Organization Record 1999/19 (eds Bradshaw, B. E. & Scott, D. L.) 36–59 (Australian Geological Survey Organization, 1999).
Page, R. W., Jackson, M. J. & Krassay, A. A. Constraining sequence stratigraphy in north Australian basins: SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology between Mt. Isa and McArthur River. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 47, 431–459 (2000).
Kunzmann, M. et al. Facies evaluation, sequence stratigraphy, and carbon isotope chemostratigraphy of a traditional Zn-Pb host succession: the Proterozoic center McArthur Group, McArthur Basin, Australia. Ore Geol. Rev. 106, 150–175 (2019).
Kunzmann, M. et al. Sequence stratigraphy of the ca. 1730 Ma Wollogorang Formation, McArthur Basin, Australia. Mar. Pet. Geol. 116, 104297 (2020).
Munson, T. Stratigraphic Characterisation of the Glyde Package, Greater McArthur Basin, Northern Territory. NTGS Record 2023-009 (Northern Territory Geological Survey, 2023).
Rawlings, D. Sedimentology, Volcanology and Geodynamics of the Redbank Package, Northern Australia. PhD Thesis, Univ. of Tasmania (2002).
Poulton S. W. The Iron Speciation Paleoredox Proxy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021).
Pasquier, V., Fike, D. A., Révillon, S. & Halevy, I. A world reassessment of the controls on iron speciation in fashionable sediments and sedimentary rocks: A dominant function for diagenesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 335, 211–230 (2022).
Tribovillard, N., Algeo, T. J., Lyons, T. & Riboulleau, A. Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: an replace. Chem. Geol. 232, 12–32 (2006).
Algeo, T. J. & Tribovillard, N. Environmental evaluation of paleoceanographic programs primarily based on molybdenum–uranium covariation. Chem. Geol. 268, 211–225 (2009).
Bennett, W. W. & Canfield, D. E. Redox-sensitive hint metals as paleoredox proxies: A evaluate and evaluation of knowledge from fashionable sediments. Earth Sci. Rev. 204, 103175 (2020).
Algeo, T. J. & Liu, J. A re-assessment of elemental proxies for paleoredox evaluation. Chem. Geol. 540, 119549 (2020).
Shen, Y., Canfield, D. E. & Knoll, A. H. Middle Proterozoic ocean chemistry: proof from the McArthur Basin, northern Australia. Am. J. Sci. 302, 81–109 (2002).
Brocks, J. J. et al. Biomarker proof for inexperienced and purple sulphur micro organism in a stratified Palaeoproterozoic sea. Nature 437, 866–870 (2005).
Planavsky, N. J. et al. Widespread iron-rich situations within the mid-Proterozoic ocean. Nature 477, 448–451 (2011).
Ryuba, M. et al. Tectonically-induced neptunian dykes and breccias of the Paleoproterozoic Teena Dolomite: significance to stratiform zinc deposits within the McArthur Basin, Australia. Precambrian Res. 422, 107768 (2025).
Riedman, L. A., Lechte, M., Porter, S., Halverson, G. & Whelan, M. Early fossil eukaryotes have been benthic aerobes. Dryad (2026).
This web page was created programmatically, to learn the article in its authentic location you’ll be able to go to the hyperlink bellow:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10533-4
and if you wish to take away this text from our website please contact us
